Start making peace with the body you have, right now.

This section will have the most resources since it is such a broad area of focus. The HAES® Principles include Size Inclusivity, Health Enhancement, Respectful Care, Eating for Well-being, and Life-Enhancing Movement. Information on weight science, weight and health, “Healthism”, weight-bias, and weight-stigma, body-liberation, and social-justice are included here and overlap frequently with Body Image. There is also some information here specifically about orthopedic surgery from when Nicole presented at the TRIA Sports Medicine Conference in February 2019. 

Health At Every Size

  • Celebrates body diversity;

  • Honors differences in size, age, race, ethnicity, gender, dis/ability, sexual orientation, religion, class, and other human attributes. 

  • Challenges scientific and cultural assumptions

  • Values body knowledge and lived experiences.

  • Finding the joy in moving one’s body and being physically active

  • Eating in a flexible and attuned manner that values pleasure and honors internal cues of hunger, satiety, and appetite, while respecting the social conditions that frame eating options.

*An edited excerpt from Body Respect: What Conventional Health Books Leave out, Get Wrong and Just Plain Fail to Understand about Weight, by Linda Bacon, PhD, and Lucy Aphramor, PhD, RD.

VIDEOS

Association for Size Diversity and Health YouTube Channel

Association for Size Diversity and Health YouTube Channel

Busting Myths on Health and Weight with Lindo Bacon

Diets Don’t Work: Body Respect Does

Dr. Sandra Aamodt TED talk, Why Dieting Doesn’t Usually Work

Poodle Science

Samantha Bee: Thicc Not Sick

Samantha Bee: Thicc Not Sick

When Your Client Says “I Need To Lose Weight!”

Podcasts

LINKS & WEBSITES

BOOKS

  • Body Respect: What Conventional Health Books Get Wrong, Leave Out, and Just Plain Fail to Understand about Weight, by Linda Bacon,PhD, and Lucy Aphramor, PhD, RD. (2014). This book is a more current look at HAES, including the important social justice aspect. Dr. Bacon earned her PhD is physiology from the University of California, Davis, where she currently serves as an Associate Nutritionist. She holds additional degrees in psychology and exercise metabolism.

  • Lessons from the Fat-o-sphere: Quit Dieting and Declare a Truce with Your Body by Kate Harding and Marianne Kirby

  • Let It Out: A Journey Through Journaling by Katie Dalebout

  • Shrill: Notes from a Loud Woman by Lindy West 

  • Things No One Will Tell Fat Girls: A Handbook for Unapologetic Living by Jes Baker 

  • What’s Wrong with Fat? by Abigail C. Saguy 

  • You Have the Right to Remain Fat by Virgie Tovar

SCHOLARLY ARTICLES

  • Aphramor, L. (2010) Validity of Claims Made in Weight Management Research: A Narrative Review of Dietetic Articles.  Nutrition Journal BioMed Central, 9:30.  Retrieved from: https://nutritionj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1475-2891-9-30

  • Bacon, L, and Aphramor, L. (2011). Weight Science: Evaluating the Evidence for a Paradigm Shift. Nutrition Journal, 10.  https://nutritionj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1475-2891-10-9

  • Carbonneau, E, et al. A Health at Every Size Intervention Improves Intuitive Eating and Diet Quality in Canadian Women, Clinical Nutrition (2016), https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304531563_A_Health_at_Every_Size_intervention_improves_intuitive_eating_and_diet_quality_in_Canadian_women

  • Carbonneau, E., Bégin, C., Lemieux, S., Mongeau, L., Paquette, M.-C., Turcotte, M., … Provencher, V. (2017). A Health at Every Size intervention improves intuitive eating and diet quality in Canadian women. Clinical Nutrition, 36(3), 747–754. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2016.06.008

  • Chang, S., Beason, T. S., Hunleth, J. M, and Colditz, G. A. (2012). A Systematic Review of Body Fat Distribution and Mortality in Older People. Maturitas, July 72(3): 175-191. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2012.04.004 or https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3367099/

  • Clifford, D., Ozier, A., Bundros, J., Moore, J., Kreiser, A., & Morris, M. N. (2015). Impact of Non-Diet Approaches on Attitudes, Behaviors, and Health Outcomes: A Systematic Review. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 47(2), 143–155.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2014.12.002

  • Do, K., Brown, R.E., Wharton, S., Ardern, C.I., and Kuk, J.L. (2018) Association between cardiorespiratory fitness and metabolic risk factors in a population with mild to severe obesity. Obesity, (2018) 5:5 Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29435350

  • Dolezal, L, and Lyons, B. Health-Related Shame: An Affective Determinant Of Health? Medical Humanities BMJ (2017). 43: 257-263. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317432413_Health-related_shame_An_affective_determinant_of_health

  • Drury, C. A., & Louis, M. (2002). Exploring the Association Between Body Weight, Stigma of Obesity, and Health Care Avoidance. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners, 14(12), 554–561. doi:10.1111/j.1745-7599.2002.tb00089.x

  • Fildes, A., Charlton, J., Rudisill, C.., Littlejohns, P, Prevost, A. T., and Guilliford, M. C.. (2015) Probability of an Obese Person Attaining Normal Body Weight: Cohort Study Using Electronic Health Records. American Journal of Public Health, Research and Practice. Retrieved from: 
    https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302773

  • Flegal, K. M. (2005). Excess Deaths Associated With Underweight, Overweight, and Obesity. JAMA, 293(15), 1861. doi:10.1001/jama.293.15.1861

  • Fothergill, E., Guo, J., Howard, L., Kerns, J. C., Knuth, N. D., Brychta, R., … Hall, K. D. (2016). Persistent metabolic adaptation 6 years after “The Biggest Loser” competition. Obesity, 24(8), 1612–1619. doi:10.1002/oby.21538

  • Golden, N.H., Schneider, M., and Wood, C. (2016). Preventing Obesity and Eating Disorders in Adolescents. Retrieved from:  http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/138/3/e20161649

  • Hotchkiss, J. W., & Leyland, A. H. (2010). The relationship between body size and mortality in the linked Scottish Health Surveys: cross-sectional surveys with follow-up. International Journal of Obesity, 35(6), 838–851. doi:10.1038/ijo.2010.207

  • Kalm, L. M. and Semba, R.D. (2005). They Starved So That Others Be Better Fed: Remembering Ancel Keys and the Minnesota Experiment. History of Nutrition. Retrieved from: 

  • Kerns, J.C., Guo, J., Fothergill, E., Howard, L., Knuth, N.D., et al. Increased physical activity associated with less weight regain six years after “The Biggest Loser” Competition. (2017) Obesity, 25(11), November 2017, 1838-1843. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29086499

  • Lyons, P., Husen, L., Martin, T., Tealer, L. M., Howell, P. and Warr, P. Guidelines for Healthcare Providers Who Treat Fat Clients. (2011). Retrieved from The National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance website: 
    https://www.naafaonline.com/dev2/about/Brochures/NAAFA_Guidelines_for_Healthcare_Providers.pdf

  • MacLean, P.S., Bergouignan, A., Cornier, M., and Jackman, M. (2011) Biology’s Response to Dieting: The Impetus for Weight Gain. American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology Sep: 301(3): R581-R600. Retrieved from: 

  • Mann, T., Tomiyama, A.J., Westling, E., Lew, A.M., Samuels, B., and Chatman, J. (2007) Medicare’s Search for Effective Obesity Treatments, diets are not the answer. American Psychologist 62(3) 220-233. Retrieved from:

  • Matheson, E.M., King, D.E., and Everett, C.J. (2012) Healthy Lifestyle Habits and Mortality in Overweight and Obese Individuals. Journal of American Board of Family Medicine 2012. 25(1): 9-15. Retrived from:  https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51983342_Healthy_Lifestyle_Habits_and_Mortality_in_Overweight_and_Obese_Individuals

  • Mensigner, J.L. and Meadows, A. Internalization weight stigma mediates and moderates physical activity outcomes during a healthy living program for women with high body mass index. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 30(2017) 64-72. Retrieved from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1469029217300730

  • Pantell, M., Rehkopf, D., Jutte, D., Syme, S. L., Balmes, J., & Adler, N. (2013). Social Isolation: A Predictor of Mortality Comparable to Traditional Clinical Risk Factors. American Journal of Public Health, 103(11), 2056–2062. doi:10.2105/ajph.2013.301261

  • Pearl, R.L. and Puhl, R.M. (2018) Weight Bias internalization and health: a systematic review. Obesity Reviews, 19(8), 1141–1163. Retrieved from: http://www.uconnruddcenter.org/files/Pdfs/Pearl_et_al-2018-Obesity_Reviews.pdf

  • Pont, S. J., Puhl, R., Cook, S. R., and Slusser, W. Stigma Experiences by Children and Adolescents With Obesity. Pediatrics 2017; 140(6): e20173034. Retrieved from: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/early/2017/11/16/peds.2017-3034.full.pdf

  • Puhl, R. M., & Heuer, C. A. (2009). The Stigma of Obesity: A Review and Update. Obesity, 17(5), 941–964. doi:10.1038/oby.2008.636

  • Puhl, R., and Suh, Y. Health Consequences of Weight Stigma: Implications for Obesity Prevention and Treatment, Current Obestiy Report, (2015) June: 4(2): 182-90. Doi: 10.1007/s13679-015-0153-z. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277615705_Health_Consequences_of_Weight_Stigma_Implications_for_Obesity_Prevention_and_Treatment

  • Rothblum, E. D. Slim Chance for Permanent Weight Loss. Archives of Scientific Psychology 2018; 6, 63-69. Retrieved from: http://psycnet.apa.org/record/2018-40989-001

  • Sturgiss, E., Jay, M., Campbell-Scherer, D., and van Weel, C. Challenging Assumptions in Obesity Research. BMJ 2017:359:j5303. Doi: 10.1136/bmj.j5303. Retrieved from: https://www.bmj.com/content/359/bmj.j5303

  • Tomiyama, A.J. Stress and Obesity. Annual Review of Psychology 2018. Retrieved from: https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102936

  • Tomiyama, A. J. Weight Stigma Is Stressful. A Review Of Evidence for the Cyclic Obesity/Weight-Based Stigma Model. Appetite, July 2, 2014. Retrieved from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195666314003560

  • Tomiyama, A. J., Carr, D.,  Granberg, E. M., Major, B., Robinson, E., Sutin, A. R., and Brewis, A. (2018). How And Why Weight Stigma Drives The Obesity ‘Epidemic’ And Harms Health. BioMed Central, 16:123, 1-6. https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12916-018-1116-5

  • Tomiyama, A. J., Hunger, J. M., Nguyen-Cuu, J., & Wells, C. (2016). Misclassification of cardiometabolic health when using body mass index categories in NHANES 2005–2012. International Journal of Obesity, 40(5), 883–886. doi:10.1038/ijo.2016.17 Tylka, T. L., Annunziato, R. A., Burgard, D., Daníelsdóttir, S., Shuman, E., Davis, C., & Calogero, R. M. (2014). The Weight-Inclusive versus Weight-Normative Approach to Health: Evaluating the Evidence for Prioritizing Well-Being over Weight Loss. Journal of Obesity, 2014, 1–18. doi:10.1155/2014/983495

  • Vaughn, W. B., Baruth, M., Beets, M.W., Durstine, L., Liu, J., and Blair, S.N. (2014) Fitness vs. Fatness on All-Cause Mortality: A Meta-Analysis. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 56(2014) 382-390. Retrieved from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0033062013001552

  • Wellman, J.D., Araiza A.M., Newell E.E., and McCoy S.K. Weight Stigma facilitates unhealthy eating and weight gain via fear of fat. (2018) Stigma and Health, August 2018: 3(3); 186-194. Retrieved from: https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Fsah0000088

  • World Health Organization Europe Weight bias and obesity stigma: considerations for the WHO European Region http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/351026/WeightBias.pdf?ua=1

Journal articles specific to orthopedics or surgery

  • Inacio, M. C. S., Kritz-Silverstein, D., Raman, R., Macera, C. A., Nichols, J. F., Shaffer, R. A., & Fithian, D. C. (2014). The risk of surgical site infection and re-admission in obese patients undergoing total joint replacement who lose weight before surgery and keep it off post-operatively. The Bone & Joint Journal, 96-B(5), 629–635. doi:10.1302/0301-620x.96b5.33136

  • Lui, M., Jones, C. A., & Westby, M. D. (2015). Effect of non-surgical, non-pharmacological weight loss interventions in patients who are obese prior to hip and knee arthroplasty surgery: a rapid review. Systematic Reviews, 4(1). doi:10.1186/s13643-015-0107-2

  • Vaishya, R., Vijay, V., WAMAE, D., & Agarwal, A. K. (2016). Is Total Knee Replacement Justified in the Morbidly Obese? A Systematic Review. Cureus. doi:10.7759/cureus.804

  • Hale, I. (2018). Is it weight loss or exercise that matters in osteoarthritis? Canadian Medical Association Journal, 190(43), E1289–E1289. doi:10.1503/cmaj.70597

  • Zhang, J. C., Matelski, J., Gandhi, R., Jackson, T., Urbach, D., & Cram, P. (2018). Can Patient Selection Explain the Obesity Paradox in Orthopaedic Hip Surgery? An Analysis of the ACS-NSQIP Registry. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 476(5), 964–973. doi:10.1007/s11999.0000000000000218

  • Frisch, N., Wessell, N. M., Charters, M., Peterson, E., Cann, B., Greenstein, A., & Silverton, C. D. (2016). Effect of Body Mass Index on Blood Transfusion in Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty. Orthopedics, 39(5), e844–e849. doi:10.3928/01477447-20160509-04

  • Gurunathan, U., & Myles, P. S. (2016). Limitations of body mass index as an obesity measure of perioperative risk. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 116(3), 319–321. doi:10.1093/bja/aev541